Whole-genome shuffling (WGS) is a powerful technology of improving the complex traits of many microorganisms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the altered phenotypes in isolates were less clarified. Isolates with significantly enhanced stress tolerance and ethanol titer under very-high-gravity conditions were obtained after WGS of the bioethanol Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ZTW1. Karyotype analysis and RT-qPCR showed that chromosomal rearrangement occurred frequently in genome shuffling. Thus, the phenotypic effects of genomic structural variations were determined in this study. RNA-Seq and physiological analyses revealed the diverse transcription pattern and physiological status of the isolate S3-110 and ZTW1. Our observations suggest that the improved stress tolerance of S3-110 can be largely attributed to the copy number variations in large DNA regions, which would adjust the ploidy of yeast cells and expression levels of certain genes involved in stress response. Overall, this work not only constructed shuffled S. cerevisiae strains that have potential industrial applications but also provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of WGS and enhanced our knowledge on this useful breeding strategy.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | File | Description |
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